DUNIA, Malangpost.id – Perang dingin merupakan persaingan besar di dunia dikarenakan perbedaan antara paham komunis dan anti komunisme. Dilansir dari kompas.com, perang ini terjadi sekitar 44 tahun sejak 1947 sampai 1991 antara Uni Soviet dan Amerika Serikat beserta sekutunya.
Perang ini tidak melibatkan aksi militer secara langsung, namun mereka sama-sama memobilisasi senjata nuklir yang dimiliki masing-masing yang bisa menghancurkan dunia. Di dalam perang dingin banyak sekali periode-periode yang sangat penting, salah satunya adalah perlombaan antariksa.
Perlombaan ini tidak sama dengan perlombaan pada umumnya karena kedua negara tersebut (Uni Soviet dan Amerika Serikat) sama-sama ingin terlihat kuat dan saling balas membalas seputar teknologi terbaharui. Istilah nama “perlombaan antariksa” ini muncul pertama kali pada tanggal 4 Oktober 1957.
Pada tanggal itu Uni Soviet berhasil meluncurkan sebuah satelit pertama kali tanpa awak bernama Sputnik I, Sputnik I inilah yang menjadi awal bagaimana perkembangan teknologi luar angkasa dan terus berkembang hingga saat ini.
Sebulan kemudian, dilansir dari History.com Uni Soviet meluncurkan kembali satelit kedua yang bernama Sputnik II beserta seekor anjing yang menjadi awak bernama Laika. Namun, di peluncuran kedua satelit ini mengalami kegagalan yang mengakibatkan Sputnik II meledak dan Laika tewas. Dengan tewasnya Laika yang merupakan seekor anjing yang dijadikan percobaan oleh Uni Soviet, membuat geram pecinta binatang dan Uni Soviet dikecam habis-habisan oleh seluruh pecinta alam di dunia bagian barat.
Amerika Melakukan Percobaan Peluncuran Satelit
Amerika Serikat yang belum habis pikir akan peluncuran satelit pertama yang dilakukan oleh Uni Soviet, kembali berfikir dan bergegas ingin membalas setelah mendengar berita peluncuran satelit kedua Uni Soviet.
Di tahun yang sama tepatnya akhir tahun 1957, Amerika Serikat meluncurkan satelit pertamanya yang diberi nama Vanguard. Namun, percobaan pertama peluncuran satelit buatan Amerika Serikat tersebut gagal, yang membuat malu Amerika Serikat atas insiden ini dimana sesaat sebelum satelit tersebut meluncur terjadi ledakan yang mengakibatkan satelit beserta roketnya gagal naik ke ruang angkasa.
Tak lama setelah itu, pada 31 Januari 1958 Amerika Serikat kembali melakukan percobaan peluncuran satelit yang diberi nama Explorer I, yang dinyatakan aktif mengelilingi bumi hingga 23 Juni 1958 dan akhirnya dinyatakan hilang kontak.
Saling membalas kedua negara kuat tersebut tak hanya berhenti di sini, keduanya ingin terlihat kuat di mata dunia. April 1961 Uni Soviet kembali memberikan kejutan kepada dunia khususnya Amerika Serikat, manusia pertama yang bernama Yuri Gagarin berhasil ke luar angkasa dengan misi bernama Vostok I untuk mengorbit bumi sekitar selama 108 menit, sebelum akhirnya kembali mendarat ke bumi dengan aman dan selamat.
Kembali ke pernyataan ini terlihat kuat, Amerika Serikat kembali memobilisasi satelit beserta awaknya untuk menandingi Uni Soviet, dalam rentang waktu 5 tahun Amerika Serikat berhasil meluncurkan satelit beserta awaknya dengan misi yang bernama Apollo yang berhasil mendarat di bulan pada 21 Juli 1969 yang namanya terkenal yakni Neil Amstrong yang ditemani oleh Buzz Aldrin.
Teknologi luar angkasa atau disebut dengan antariksa akhirnya digunakan di tahun-tahun berikutnya tak hanya oleh Uni Soviet dan Amerika Serikat namun juga oleh beberapa negara di dunia.
Seharusnya dunia berterimakasih kepada dua negara yang bersekutu ini, kalau bukan karena saling menunjukkan kekuatan keduanya mungkin dunia tak kenal dengan teknologi luar angkasa atau biasa disebut dengan antariksa. Pasca perang dingin tersebut, teknologi luar angkasa semakin berkembang dilihat dengan adanya pembentukan stasiun luar angkasa internasional oleh Amerika Serikat dan Rusia yang disetujui oleh negara-negara lain di dunia.
Penulis: Muhibatul Amalia
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References:
JBH News